Phosphorus
Element 15 of Periodic table is Phosphorus with atomic number 15, atomic weight 30.973761. Phosphorus, symbol P, has a Simple Triclinic structure and Colorless color. Phosphorus is a other nonmetal element. Trivial name of Phosphorus is pentels, pnictogens*. Know everything about Phosphorus Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. Instead phosphorus-containing minerals are almost always present in their maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks.
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Phosphorus Facts
Read key information and facts about element Phosphorus
| Name | Phosphorus |
| Atomic Number | 15 |
| Atomic Symbol | P |
| Atomic Weight | 30.973761 |
| Phase | Solid |
| Color | Colorless |
| Classification | other nonmetal |
| Group in Periodic Table | 15 |
| Group Name | nitrogen family |
| Period in Periodic Table | 3 |
| Block in Periodic Table | p-block |
| Electronic Configuration | |
| Melting Point | 44.2 °C |
| Boiling Point | 280.5 °C |
| Electronic Shell Structure | <2, 8, 5> |
| CAS Number | CAS7723-14-0 |
Neighborhood
6
C
7
N
8
O
14
Si
15
P
16
S
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
| 1 | 1 H 2 He | |||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne | |||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar | |||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr | |||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe | |||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 55 Cs 56 Ba 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn | |||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 87 Fr 88 Ra 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og | |||||||||||||||||
| Lanthanides | 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu | |||||||||||||||||
| Actinide | 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr |
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How to Locate Phosphorus on Periodic Table
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 15 to find Phosphorus on periodic table.
Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Phosphorus on periodic table look for cross section of group 15 and period 3 in the modern periodic table.
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Table of Contents
History
Abundance
Physical Properties
Thermal Properties
Crystal Structure
Atomic & Orbital Properties
Chemical Properties
Isotopes
Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
Databases
Compare Phosphorus with other elements
Phosphorus History
The element Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brand in year 1669 in Germany . Phosphorus derived its name from the Greek word phoosphoros, "carrying light"
Phosphorus Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
The table below shows the abundance of Phosphorus in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth"s Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
| Abundance in Universe | 7e-06 |
| Abundance in Sun | 7e-06 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 0.0011 |
| Abundance in Earth"s Crust | 0.00099 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 7×10-6% |
| Abundance in Humans | 0.011 |
Crystal Structure of Phosphorus
The solid state structure of Phosphorus is Simple Triclinic.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
Unit Cell Parameters
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
| 1145 | 550.3 | 1126.1 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
| 1.25384 | 1.57725 | 1.24896 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
| Space Group Name | P-1 |  |
| Space Group Number | 2 | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Triclinic |
Phosphorus Atomic and Orbital Properties
Phosphorus atoms have 15 electrons and the electronic shell structure is <2, 8, 5> with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 4S3/2.
| Atomic Number | 15 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 15 |
| Number of Protons | 15 |
| Mass Number | 31 |
| Number of Neutrons | 16 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | <2, 8, 5> |
| Electron Configuration | |
| Valence Electrons | 3s2 3p3 |
| Oxidation State | -3;-2;-1 1;2;3;4;5 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 4S3/2 |
Shell Structure of Phosphorus - Electrons per energy level
Ground State Electronic Configuration of Phosphorus - neutral Phosphorus atom
The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Phosphorus atom isSee more: How Much Does A Dodge Grand Caravan Weigh, 2017 Dodge Grand Caravan Review
Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Phosphorus
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Phosphorus atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
Atomic Structure of Phosphorus
Phosphorus atomic radius is 98 pm, while it"s covalent radius is 106 pm.
| Atomic Radius | 98 pm (0.98 Å) |
| Atomic Volume | 16.9905436094 cm3 |
| Covalent Radius | 106 pm (1.06 Å) |
| Van der Waals Radius | 180 pm |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.18 σa/barns |
Atomic Spectrum of Phosphorus
Phosphorus Chemical Properties: Phosphorus Ionization Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of Phosphorus is 72 kJ/mol
| Valence | 5 |
| Electronegativity | 2.19 |
| ElectronAffinity | 72 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy of Phosphorus
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Phosphorus
| 1 | 1011.8 |
| 2 | 1907 |
| 3 | 2914.1 |
| 4 | 4963.6 |
| 5 | 6273.9 |
| 6 | 21267 |
| 7 | 25431 |
| 8 | 29872 |
| 9 | 35905 |
| 10 | 40950 |
Phosphorus Physical Properties
Refer to below table for Phosphorus Physical Properties
| Density | 1.823 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 16.9905436094 cm3 |
Elastic Properties
| Young Modulus | N/A |
| Shear Modulus | N/A |
| Bulk Modulus | 11 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio | N/A |
Hardness of Phosphorus - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element
| Mohs Hardness | N/A |
| Vickers Hardness | N/A |
| Brinell Hardness | N/A |
Phosphorus Electrical Properties
Phosphorus is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Phosphorus
| Electrical Conductivity | 1×107 S/m |
| Resistivity | 1×10-7 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | N/A |
Phosphorus Heat and Conduction Properties
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.236 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | N/A |
Phosphorus Magnetic Properties
| Magnetic Type | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | N/A |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | -1.13×10-8 |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | -3.5×10-10 |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | -2.06e-05 |
Optical Properties of Phosphorus
| Refractive Index | 1.001212 |
Acoustic Properties of Phosphorus
| Speed of Sound | N/A |
Phosphorus Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Phosphorus
| Melting Point | 317.3 K (44.2 °C) |
| Boiling Point | 553.6 K (280.5 °C) |
| Critical Temperature | N/A |
| Superconducting Point | N/A |
Enthalpies of Phosphorus
| Heat of Fusion | 0.64 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 12.4 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | "N/A", "N/A", "N/A", "N/A" J/(kg K) |
Phosphorus Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Phosphorus
Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Phosphorus has 1 stable isotope - 31P.
| 24P | ||||
| 25P | ||||
| 26P | ||||
| 27P | ||||
| 28P | ||||
| 29P | ||||
| 30P | ||||
| 31P | 100% | Stable | N/A | |
| 32P | ||||
| 33P | ||||
| 34P | ||||
| 35P | ||||
| 36P | ||||
| 37P | ||||
| 38P | ||||
| 39P | ||||
| 40P | ||||
| 41P | ||||
| 42P | ||||
| 43P | ||||
| 44P | ||||
| 45P | ||||
| 46P |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| CAS Number | CAS7723-14-0 |
| RTECS Number | N/A, RTECSTH3495000, RTECSTH3500000, N/A |
| DOT Hazard Class | N/A, 4.1, 4.2, N/A |
| DOT Numbers | "N/A", 1338, 1381, 2447, "N/A" |
| EU Number | N/A, N/A, N/A, N/A |
| NFPA Fire Rating | N/A, 0, 4, N/A |
| NFPA Hazards | N/ A, N/ A, N/ A, N/ A |
| NFPA Health Rating | N/A, 0, 4, N/A |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | N/A, 2, 2, N/A |
| Autoignition Point | N/A |
| Flashpoint | N/A |
Database Search
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
| CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS7723-14-0 |
| CID Number | CID5462309, CID5462309, CID123286, CID5460700 |
| Gmelin Number | N/A, N/A, N/A, N/A |
| NSC Number | N/A, N/A, N/A, N/A |
| RTECS Number | N/A, RTECSTH3495000, RTECSTH3500000, N/A |